In my last post, I discussed Knox’s Commandments, a set of “fair play” rules that were written in the late 1920s and helped form much of the “golden era” of Cozy Mystery writing (then considered detective fiction). This time I’m going to go through some of the rules I think still retain relevance today and are worth discussing. Obviously, some of them have basically been discarded by the sands of time. (Again, I’m sorry that the rules are dated, and that some of them are phrased in a way that makes them uncomfortable to modern sensibilities.)

Rule 1 – “The criminal must be someone mentioned in the early part of the story, but must not be anyone whose thoughts the reader has been allowed to follow.”

As with most of the “rules”, this is one that’s been broken before, occasionally to good effect. It’s still not generally recommended for less experienced authors since pulling it off without feeling unfair is quite difficult, but I wrote an earlier blog about authors such as Agatha Christie who were able to make it work.

Rule 2 – “All supernatural or preternatural agencies are ruled out as a matter of course.”

Of Knox’s Commandments, this is perhaps the rule most thoroughly discarded in modern Cozy Mysteries. Especially in recent years, there has been an increase in paranormal or supernaturally themed Cozies where criminal and detective alike have some sort of supernatural hook such as witchcraft or mild psychic powers. Simply summarily solving the crime through magic should probably still be avoided – just saying “the detective casts a spell and now knows who committed the crime” still shouldn’t happen.

Rule 4 – “No hitherto undiscovered poisons may be used, nor any appliance which will need a long scientific explanation at the end.”

By “undiscovered”, Knox means that the poison should be known to medical science, and if at all possible detectable by autopsy. I think this rule should be considered a good one – if the authorities bother to look carefully for a cause of death, an autopsy or similar test shouldn’t come back inconclusive. That said, poisons that make a murder look like something else to casual observation are still fair play, so long as the eventual cause of death can be determined to be murder in the end.

Rule 6 – “No accident must ever help the detective, nor must he ever have an unaccountable intuition which proves to be right.”

Knox clarifies that this isn’t intended to mean that the detective can’t have a flash of intuition where previously observed evidence suddenly makes the solution clear to him, but rather that he shouldn’t be able to, in Knox’s words, “to look for the lost will in the works of the grandfather clock because an unaccountable instinct tells him that that is the right place to search.” If the detective comes across the hidden will through hard work and dedication, such as by searching the entire house from top to bottom, that’s fine. This rule can sometimes be broken, especially if the detective is associated with the paranormal. For more mundane detectives, it should generally remain intact.

Rule 7 – “The detective must not himself commit the crime.”

I’d say this is an important rule, both today and when it was first written. It hardly seems fair for the detective to gather together all the suspects and then declare that it was in fact… himself! Knox also points out that this is only a solid rule when the author vouches for the character as a detective – a criminal posing as a police officer is still fair, especially if some reason to doubt their identity is introduced.

Rule 8 – “The detective must not light on any clues which are not instantly produced for the inspection of the reader.”

This rule has been broken before and will be broken again, but I personally think it’s unfair. If the crucial piece of evidence isn’t visible to the audience, it feels like the author is cheating and that the mystery simply isn’t solvable for the audience.

Rule 9 – “The stupid friend of the detective, the Watson, must not conceal any thoughts which pass through his mind; his intelligence must be slightly, but very slightly, below that of the average reader.”

Knox also points out that this rule only applies if there is a “Watson”. I think this is a good rule to aim for, but harder to hit – writing an assistant as slightly below average intelligence is a tough goal for many authors.

Yikes! That sure was a lot of rules! It is a bit surprising how well many of the rules hold up – I guess what was fair to the reader when they were first written in the 1920s can still be generally considered fair today!

Which of the rules do you think are the most abused today? Do you think some of the rules I see as discarded haven’t been? What is your opinion about Knox’s (10) Commandments in today’s Cozy Mysteries? Are there other rules you think should be substituted for these? (For instance, I would suggest a rule where the sleuth doesn’t always fall into peril as part of the plot of every book in the series.)

The Detection Club

Knox’s Commandments – The 10 Rules of Golden Age Detective Fiction, Part 1

In 1929, Golden Age mystery writer and monsignor of the Catholic Church Ronald Knox formulated 10 rules that he believed should set apart proper detective fiction from what he considered “shockers”,  works that primarily dealt with heroes fighting criminal enterprises rather than detectives attempting to solve a mystery. Called Knox’s Commandments, these rules would quickly become the standing guidelines for the Detection Club, which I discussed in my previous post. Other sets of similar guidelines would emerge in the era – such as S.S. Van Dines’s “Twenty Rules for Writing Detective Stories”, actually published before Knox’s own Commandments – but it would be Knox’s rules that would by and large dominate the Golden Age of Crime, supported as it was by the Detection Club (which included Agatha Christie) and its roster of talented mystery writers.

Even Knox never expected full compliance with the rules he set out – he freely admitted that some truly worthy mystery works would occasionally break the rules and end up the better for it – but by and large these were considered a good set of guidelines, and authors would stray from them at their own peril. In my next post in this series, I intend to go through Knox’s Commandments one by one and discuss how they either apply or no longer apply in mystery fiction. For now, I’ll just post the Commandments themselves for your consideration.

Keep in mind that these rules were written in a very different time – since the rules are dated, some of the rules are phrased in a way that makes them very uncomfortable to modern sensibilities, though they wouldn’t have been considered out of place in the era they were written. I’ll discuss some of them in more detail in my next post in this series.

Knox’s Commandments:

1. The criminal must be someone mentioned in the early part of the story, but must not be anyone whose thoughts the reader has been allowed to follow.
2. All supernatural or preternatural agencies are ruled out as a matter of course.
3. Not more than one secret room or passage is allowable.
4. No hitherto undiscovered poisons may be used, nor any appliance which will need a long scientific explanation at the end.
5. No Chinaman must figure in the story. (I told they were dated!)
6. No accident must ever help the detective, nor must he ever have an unaccountable intuition which proves to be right.
7. The detective must not himself commit the crime.
8. The detective must not light on any clues which are not instantly produced for the inspection of the reader.
9. The stupid friend of the detective, the Watson, must not conceal any thoughts which pass through his mind; his intelligence must be slightly, but very slightly, below that of the average reader.
10. Twin brothers, and doubles generally, must not appear unless we have been duly prepared for them.

The Detection Club

Knox’s Commandments – The 10 Rules of Golden Age Detective Fiction, Part 2

Part dinner club, part semi-guild for detective fiction writers, the Detection Club was formed in 1930 Britain by a distinguished group of authors including such Cozy luminaries as Agatha Christie, Dorothy L. Sayers, E.C. Bentley, and G.K. Chesterton, all of whom eventually served a tenure as president. The Detection Club was originally mostly English and Irish authors, though this was more due to the limitations of geography at the time than an inclination toward British born authors – Hungarian born immigrant to Britain Emma Orczy was among the founding members. Still, the Detection Club has always been a largely British group – John Dickson Carr was the first and only American added to the club in 1936, and he resided in the UK at the time. Always an invitation-only club, the Detection Club today includes some of the modern leaders of mystery fiction, including Colin Dexter and current president, Simon Brett.

Most sources indicate that the main reason the club originally formed was to provide a group of friends in the field; individuals who enjoyed spending time with one another with an excuse to meet regularly for dinner parties in London. However, they also took their careers very seriously, and in an attempt to avoid what they saw as a cheapening of the detective fiction field of literature, all members pledged an oath to uphold certain “fair play” rules. Of course, most of the Detection Club members rarely upheld these “rules” all the time – Agatha Christie in particular was famous for either bending the rules so far they were unrecognizable, or even occasionally breaking them outright.

In modern times many of these initial rules have been relaxed or discarded as sentiment toward them changed among detective fiction authors. (As a side note, I’ll be reviewing these rules and some of their modern applicability in two other upcoming articles.)

Most potential applicants were only considered if they had written at least two successfully published pieces of detective fiction, though a few rare exceptions were made for those who had written significantly in other fields – for example, A. A. Milne, author of the widely popular Winnie the Pooh series of children’s novels, was accepted into the club despite only writing one mystery book, The Red House Mystery. (The Kindle copy is FREE so if you want it, be sure to click on the link!) Likewise, as different styles of novels have risen and fallen over the decades, working in the field that would have been considered “detective fiction” has also fallen by the wayside, with many members having a much stronger background in thriller or supernatural mysteries than strictly detective works.

Overall, the Detection Club has been a mainstay of the for many years, and is still occasionally active, with an anthology of modern short works including pieces by P. D. James, Colin Dexter, and Reginald Hill published for the 75th anniversary of the Detection Club in 2005. The club also periodically re-releases out of print publications of their older anthologies, so if you happen to see a novel with something like “By Members of the Detection Club” on the cover, don’t hesitate to pick it up – it’s sure to include some great reads!

Knox’s Commandments – The 10 Rules of Golden Age Detective Fiction, Part 1

Knox’s Commandments – The 10 Rules of Golden Age Detective Fiction, Part 2